Eurasian vs Native watermilfoil
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Characteristics: (APIS-U.S. Army Corps) Eurasian watermilfoil is an invasive, submersed (underwater) aquatic plant accidentally introduced in the 1940s to North America from Europe, where it is widespread. Eurasian watermilfoil is a stringy, submerged plant that quickly proliferates in North American water bodies. It is highly invasive and agressively competes with native plant communities reducing biodiversity. Dense mats clog propellers, impair swimming, restrict boating and fishing accesses, and affect water quality.
Eurasian watermilfoil is recognized primarily by its whorls of four feather-like leaves around the stems. Each leaf is finely divided into paired leaflets, typically 12 to 21 pairs per leaf. The number of stems per plant increases as the plant ages. Each individual stem branches several times as it nears the water surface, creating a dense floating mat over the surface of the lake. Dense Eurasian watermilfoil beds usually occur in water between 3 and 20 feet deep. The tops of the milfoil plants, both stems and leaves, often turn red in color.
(Matt Rehwald, WDNR Bureau of Watershed Management): There are 7 native water-milfoils found in Wisconsin. There is also the northern water-milfoil x EWM hybrid. If you suspect the EWM hybrid, take the plants to your WDNR APMP specialist. If they suspect the hybrid, they should contact Michael Moody to see about analysis. Samples must go through DNR APMP staff and not through consultants and lake groups.
Methods of control: While eradication is rare, control is possible. Options for effective control vary with size and duration of the infestation, water quality conditions, lake bottom conditions, water flow, willingness to use permitted herbicides and financial resources. All mechanical and chemical control measures require permitting by the WDNR and development of an aquatic plant management plan.
Hand pulling can be effective when the colony size is small, water clarity is good and the lake bottom is soft enough to enable divers to completely remove plant roots. Care must be taken to avoid releasing plant fragments into the water column. Volunteer divers on Forest Lake in the town of Land O' Lakes have been successfully managing EWM by hand pulling following a one time only initial chemical application.
Mechanical harvesting is generally not permitted. Extreme infestations might qualify for harvesting if no other control methods are feasible. Mechanical harvesting requires a WDNR permit which will likely require an aquatic plant management plan.
Chemical control with WDNR permitted aquatic herbicides applied by licensed applicators is expensive and often controversial in terms of effectiveness and environmental safety. Repeated applications, often long term, are necessary for effective control. As with other control methods requiring WDNR permitting, chemical control programs require an aquatic plant management plan.
Biological control is an option, but not always a good one. The most effective method is the Milfoil Weevil which is native to North America and normally feeds on native Milfoil. However, if given the choice, it prefers to feed on Eurasian Water Milfoil. These sesame seed size weevils lay their eggs in the stems of the milfoil and when the larvae hatch, they eat the milfoil and kill the plant. The weevils require certain shoreline conditions for over wintering. They are also a food source for certain fish species such as sunfish. Therefore, maintaining a population of the weevils suitable for EWM control can be difficult and extremely expensive. No WDNR permit is required prior to introducing the Milfoil Weevil.
Methods of early detection: Watch for early spring plant growth. Near to surface growth and even surface matting will be detectable in advance of native aquatic plant growth. Monitoring the lake surface for floating fragments and shorelines for washed up plant fragments can provide evidence of colonies not yet visible from the water surface. Rake drags in low density colonies is not as effective for detecting Eurasian watermilfoil as it is for Curly-leaf pondweed as EWM is much more fragile and often breaks into pieces too small to adhere to a rake. SCUBA or snorkel diving when water conditions are suitable are good techniques for early detection.
2008 Chemical control statistics
2008 was a benchmark year for EWM management in Vilas County. For the first time ever, 17 area water bodies were subjected to chemical control programs, all with WDNR approved plant management plans and with State funding covering as much as 75% of the costs for pre and post treatment assessment of the aquatic plant communities, pre-treatment mapping, permitting fees and the actual placement of the chemicals by a licensed applicator.
Conditions at the time of chemical application were ideal; water temperatures on all treated lakes was at or below 62 degrees farenheit and winds were light to calm. The chemical applicator used high tech electronic distribution equipment enabling precise control of both placement and concentration of the chemicals.
The following table summarizes the 2008 spring chemical control activity. Clicking on the lake names opens maps showing the precise treatment locations:
2008 Chemical treatment summary
| LAKE NAME (Click name to see trtmnt site map) |
ACRES 2,4-D NAVIGATE GRANULES @ 100 LBS/ACRE | ACRES 2,4-D NAVIGATE |
TTL LBS GRANULAR 2,4-D USED | ACRES 2,4-D WEEDBAR LIQUID |
TTL GALS 2,4-D LIQUID USED | TREATMENT DATE(S) | WATER TEMP. (F) | AIR TEMP. (F) | WIND SPEED (MPH) | WIND DIR. |
E.R. CHAIN |
||||||||||
| 5.4 | 30.1 | 5,055 | 0 | 0 | 05/31/08 | 57.9 | 57.9 | 5 - 10 | S | |
| 06/01/08 | 59.0 | 64.9 | CALM | NA | ||||||
| 22.2 | 6.7 | 3,225 | 0 | 0 | 05/30/08 | 60.8 | 62.6 | 5 | SW | |
| 6.6 | 0.0 | 660 | 0 | 0 | 05/30/08 | 57.9 | 54.0 | 5 | SW | |
0.0 |
14.7 | 2,205 | 0 | 0 | 06/01/08 | 59.0 | 70.0 | 0 - 5 | S | |
| 0.0 | 17.8 | 2,670 | 0 | 0 | 05/29/08 | 62.1 | 70.0 | CALM | NA | |
| 0.5 | 7.6 | 1,265 | 0 | 0 | 06/02/08 | 59.9 | 70.0 | CALM | NA | |
| 5.0 | 4.9 | 1,235 | 0 | 0 | 06/01/08 | 61.0 | 72.0 | 0 - 5 | SW | |
| 06/02/08 | 57.9 | 60.1 | CALM | NA | ||||||
| 29.5 | 19.8 | 5,920 | 0 | 0 | 05/28/08 | 57.9 | 57.9 | 0 - 5 | W | |
| 0.0 | 3.4 | 510 | 0 | 0 | 06/01/08 | 59.0 | 70.1 | CALM | NA | |
| 0.0 | 8.5 | 1,275 | 0 | 0 | 05/29/08 | 57.9 | 57.9 | 0 - 5 | W | |
| 6.9 | 5.6 | 1,530 | 0 | 0 | 06/02/08 | 60.1 | 70.0 | 0 - 5 | SW | |
NON CHAIN |
||||||||||
| 0.0 | 21.0 | 3,159 | 106.6 | 1,025 | 06/03/08 | 55.4 | 60.8 | 5 - 15 | E | |
| 06/04/08 | 57.2 | 60.8 | 0 - 5 | E | ||||||
| 06/05/08 | 59.0 | 60.8 | 0 - 5 | E | ||||||
| 11.5 | 12.6 | 3,040 | 0 | 0 | 06/07/08 | 60.8 | 60.8 | 5 | SE | |
| 0.0 | 32.2 | 4,830 | 0 | 0 | 06/07/08 | 50.0 | 60.1 | 0 - 5 | W | |
| 0.0 | 15.0 | 2,250 | 0 | 0 | 05/20/08 | 51.1 | 60.1 | 5 - 15 | NW | |
| 05/21/08 | 51.1 | 55.0 | 0 - 10 | NW | ||||||
| 0.0 | 49.9 | 7,485 | 0 | 0 | 05/20/08 | 51.1 | 60.1 | 5 - 15 | NW | |
| 05/21/08 | 51.1 | 55.0 | 0 - 10 | NW | ||||||
| 0.0 | 8.1 | 1,215 | 0 | 0 | 05/12/-8 | 50.0 | 45.0 | 0 - 5 | SE | |
| ALL LAKES | E.R. CHAIN | |||||||||
| TTL ACRES TREATED | 452.1 | 195.2 | ||||||||
| *TTL LBS NAVIGATE 2,4-D |
*47,520 | *25,550 | ||||||||
| *TTL GALS WEEDBAR 2,4-D |
*1,025 | 0 | ||||||||
| TTL LBS 2,4-D | 16,583 | 6,822 |
*NOTE:
Navigate brand granular 2,4-D is 73.3% by weight inactive ingredient and 26.7% 2,4-D. Of the 47,520 pounds applied, active ingredient accounted for 12,688 pounds.
Weedbar 64 brand liquid 2,4-D contains 3.8 pounds of active ingrediant per gallon. Of the 1,025 gallons applied, active ingrediant accounted for 3,895 pounds.
2009 Chemical treatment summary
LAKE NAME
(Click name to see trtmnt site map)ACRES 2,4-D NAVIGATE GRANULES @ 100 LBS/ACRE ACRES 2,4-D NAVIGATE GRANULES @ 150 LBS/ACRE ACRES 2,4-D NAVIGATE GRANULES @ 175 LBS/ACRE TTL LBS GRANULAR 2,4-D USED ACRES 2,4-D
DMA4IVM
LIQUIDTTL GALS 2,4-D LIQUID USED TREATMENT DATE(S) WATER TEMP. (F) AIR TEMP. (F) WIND SPEED (MPH) WIND DIR. 0.0 26.0 0.0 3,900 0.0 0 05/18/09 51.8 59.0 15 SW 3.4 31.0 1.7 5,288 0.0 0 05/19/09 53.6 59.0 5 SW 0.0 10.7 0.0 1,605 0.0 0 05/20/09 55.4 57.2 8 SW 0.0 3.3 5.9 1,528 0.0 0 05/21/09 55.4 57.2 O - 0.0 54.8 0.0 8,220 0.0 0 05/22/09 59.0 69.8 5 SW 05/26/09 59.0 55.4 5 SE 0.0 3.1 0.0 465 0.0 0 05/20/09 57.2 64.4 12 SW 0.0 6.6 0.0 990 0.0 0 05/20/09 57.2 80.6 25 SW 0.0 44.0 4.8 7,440 0.0 0 05/21/09 60.8 60.8 5 NW 0.0 0.4 0.0 60 0.0 0 05/21/09 55.4 57.2 55.4 57.2 0.0 76.7 0.0 11,505 0.0 0.0 05/26/09 59.0 55.4 5 SE 05/27/09 57.2 50.0 5 NE 1.2 10.0 0.0 1,620 0.0 0 05/22/09 57.2 55.4 5 SW 0.0 3.1 0.0 435 0.0 0 05/15/09 55.4 59.0 E NE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 70.6 480 05/28/09 55.4 69.8 5 S 0.0 1.8 0.0 270 0.0 0 08/10/09 71.6 80.6 5 SW 0.0 40.2 0.0 6,030 0.0 0 05/15/09 53.6 44.6 5 NE
LAKE0.0 45.5 0.0 6,825 0.0 0 05/12 51 60 5-15 SW 05/13 51 60 7-17 SW 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 71.8 741.3 05/14 52 55 5-15 SW 05/15 52 43 5-8 SW
LAKE0.0 3.4 0.0 510 0.0 0 05/15/09 57.2 59.0 10 S 0.0 6.2 0.0 930 0.0 0 05/30/09 59.0 59.0 15 W
LAKE0.0 0.0 0.0 0 167.4 1,045 05/30/09 59.0 59.0 15 W 0.0 3.1 6.8 1,825 0.0 0 05/10/09 51.8 55.4 5 W ALL LAKES E.R. CHAIN TTL ACRES TREATED 703.5 272.4 *TTL LBS
NAVIGATE 2,4-D*59,446 *42,621 *TTL GALS LIQUID
DMA 4 IVM 2,4-D*2,266.3 0 TTL LBS 2,4-D 24,483 11,380 *NOTE:
Navigate brand granular 2,4-D is 73.3% by weight inactive ingredient and 26.7% 2,4-D. Of the 59,446 pounds applied, active ingredient accounted for 15,872 pounds.
Dow DMA 4 IVM brand liquid 2,4-D contains 3.8 pounds of active ingrediant per gallon. Of the 2,266 gallons applied, active ingrediant accounted for 8,611 pounds.
Links to pdf documents
Listing of WI lakes with EWM (2006)
Native water-milfoil turion fact sheet
Eurasian vs Native water-milfoil
Chemical control - U. S. Army Corps report
EWM management article from June '07 WI Natural Resources magazine
Links to other sites
Wisconsin DNR
Minnesota DNR
Minnesota Sea Grant
Western Aquatic Plant Management Society
Canadian Wildlife Service
The milfoil weevil
Aquatic Plant Management in Wisconsin - WDNR guidelines (Caution - very large download)
Return to Vilas County Land & Water
